SWINE FLU ( Information & Prevention )

SWINE FLU (N1H1)

Novel H1N1 FluWhat is novel H1N1 (swine flu)

Novel H1N1 (referred to as “swine flu” early on) is a new influenza virus causing illness in people. This new virus was first detected in people in the United States in April 2009.
This virus is spreading from person-to-person worldwide, probably in much the same way that regular seasonal influenza viruses spread. On June 11, 2009, the World Health Organization (WHO) signaled that a pandemic of novel H1N1 flu was underway. Why is novel H1N1 virus sometimes called “swine flu”?
This virus was originally referred to as “swine flu” because laboratory testing showed that many of the genes in this new virus were very similar to influenza viruses that normally occur in pigs (swine) in North America. But further study has shown that this new virus is very different from what normally circulates in North American pigs. It has two genes from flu viruses that normally circulate in pigs in Europe and Asia and bird (avian) genes and human genes. Scientists call this a "quadruple reassortant" virus.Novel H1N1 Flu in HumansAre there human infections with novel H1N1 virus in the U.S.?Yes. Human infections with the new H1N1 virus are ongoing in the United States. Most people who have become ill with this new virus have recovered without requiring medical treatment. CDC routinely works with states to collect, compile and analyze information about influenza, and has done the same for the new H1N1 virus since the beginning of the outbreak. This information is presented in a weekly report, called FluView..
Is novel H1N1 virus contagious?CDC has determined that novel H1N1 virus is contagious and is spreading from human to human. How does novel H1N1 virus spread? Spread of novel H1N1 virus is thought to occur in the same way that seasonal flu spreads. Flu viruses are spread mainly from person to person through coughing or sneezing by people with influenza. Sometimes people may become infected by touching something – such as a surface or object – with flu viruses on it and then touching their mouth or nose. What are the signs and symptoms of this virus in people?The symptoms of novel H1N1 flu virus in people include fever, cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, body aches, headache, chills and fatigue. A significant number of people who have been infected with this virus also have reported diarrhea and vomiting. Severe illnesses and death has occurred as a result of illness associated with this virus. How severe is illness associated with novel H1N1 flu virus?Illness with the new H1N1 virus has ranged from mild to severe. While most people who have been sick have recovered without needing medical treatment, hospitalizations and deaths from infection with this virus have occurred.In seasonal flu, certain people are at “high risk” of serious complications. This includes people 65 years and older, children younger than five years old, pregnant women, and people of any age with certain chronic medical conditions. About 70 percent of people who have been hospitalized with this novel H1N1 virus have had one or more medical conditions previously recognized as placing people at “high risk” of serious seasonal flu-related complications.

This includes pregnancy, diabetes, heart disease, asthma and kidney disease.One thing that appears to be different from seasonal influenza is that adults older than 64 years do not yet appear to be at increased risk of novel H1N1-related complications thus far. CDC laboratory studies have shown that no children and very few adults younger than 60 years old have existing antibody to novel H1N1 flu virus; however, about one-third of adults older than 60 may have antibodies against this virus. It is unknown how much, if any, protection may be afforded against novel H1N1 flu by any existing antibody. How does novel H1N1 flu compare to seasonal flu in terms of its severity and infection rates?With seasonal flu, we know that seasons vary in terms of timing, duration and severity. Seasonal influenza can cause mild to severe illness, and at times can lead to death. Each year, in the United States, on average 36,000 people die from flu-related complications and more than 200,000 people are hospitalized from flu-related causes. Of those hospitalized, 20,000 are children younger than 5 years old. Over 90% of deaths and about 60 percent of hospitalization occur in people older than 65. When the novel H1N1 outbreak was first detected in mid-April 2009, CDC began working with states to collect, compile and analyze information regarding the novel H1N1 flu outbreak, including the numbers of confirmed and probable cases and the ages of these people. The information analyzed by CDC supports the conclusion that novel H1N1 flu has caused greater disease burden in people younger than 25 years of age than older people. At this time, there are few cases and few deaths reported in people older than 64 years old, which is unusual when compared with seasonal flu. However, pregnancy and other previously recognized high risk medical conditions from seasonal influenza appear to be associated with increased risk of complications from this novel H1N1. These underlying conditions include asthma, diabetes, suppressed immune systems, heart disease, kidney disease, neurocognitive and neuromuscular disorders and pregnancy. How long can an infected person spread this virus to others?People infected with seasonal and novel H1N1 flu shed virus and may be able to infect others from 1 day before getting sick to 5 to 7 days after.

This can be longer in some people, especially children and people with weakened immune systems and in people infected with the new H1N1 virus.Prevention & TreatmentWhat can I do to protect myself from getting sick?There is no vaccine available right now to protect against novel H1N1 virus. However, a novel H1N1 vaccine is currently in production and may be ready for the public in the fall. As always, a vaccine will be available to protect against seasonal influenza There are everyday actions that can help prevent the spread of germs that cause respiratory illnesses like influenza. Take these everyday steps to protect your health:Cover your nose and mouth with a tissue when you cough or sneeze. Throw the tissue in the trash after you use it. Wash your hands often with soap and water, especially after you cough or sneeze. Alcohol-based hand cleaners* are also effective. Avoid touching your eyes, nose or mouth. Germs spread this way. Try to avoid close contact with sick people. If you are sick with flu-like illness, CDC recommends that you stay home for at least 24 hours after your fever is gone except to get medical care or for other necessities. (Your fever should be gone without the use of a fever-reducing medicine.) Keep away from others as much as possible to keep from making others sick. Other important actions that you can take are: Follow public health advice regarding school closures, avoiding crowds and other social distancing measures. Be prepared in case you get sick and need to stay home for a week or so; a supply of over-the-counter medicines, alcohol-based hand rubs,* tissues and other related items might could be useful and help avoid the need to make trips out in public while you are sick and contagious What is the best way to keep from spreading the virus through coughing or sneezing?If you are sick with flu-like illness, CDC recommends that you stay home for at least 24 hours after your fever is gone except to get medical care or for other necessities. (Your fever should be gone without the use of a fever-reducing medicine.) Keep away from others as much as possible. Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing or sneezing. Put your used tissue in the waste basket.
Then, clean your hands, and do so every time you cough or sneeze.If I have a family member at home who is sick with novel H1N1 flu, should I go to work?Employees who are well but who have an ill family member at home with novel H1N1 flu can go to work as usual. These employees should monitor their health every day, and take everyday precautions including washing their hands often with soap and water, especially after they cough or sneeze. Alcohol-based hand cleaners are also effective.* If they become ill, they should notify their supervisor and stay home. Employees who have an underlying medical condition or who are pregnant should call their health care provider for advice, because they might need to receive influenza antiviral drugs to prevent illness. For more information please see General Business and Workplace Guidance for the Prevention of Novel Influenza A (H1N1) Flu in Workers.

What is the best technique for washing my hands to avoid getting the flu?

Washing your hands often will help protect you from germs. Wash with soap and water or clean with alcohol-based hand cleaner*. CDC recommends that when you wash your hands -- with soap and warm water -- that you wash for 15 to 20 seconds. When soap and water are not available, alcohol-based disposable hand wipes or gel sanitizers may be used. You can find them in most supermarkets and drugstores. If using gel, rub your hands until the gel is dry. The gel doesn't need water to work; the alcohol in it kills the germs on your hands.What should I do if I get sick?If you live in areas where people have been identified with novel H1N1 flu and become ill with influenza-like symptoms, including fever, body aches, runny or stuffy nose, sore throat, nausea, or vomiting or diarrhea, you should stay home and avoid contact with other people. CDC recommends that you stay home for at least 24 hours after your fever is gone except to get medical care or for other necessities. (Your fever should be gone without the use of a fever-reducing medicine.) Stay away from others as much as possible to keep from making others sick.Staying at home means that you should not leave your home except to seek medical care. This means avoiding normal activities, including work, school, travel, shopping, social events, and public gatherings. If you have severe illness or you are at high risk for flu complications, contact your health care provider or seek medical care. Your health care provider will determine whether flu testing or treatment is needed.If you become ill and experience any of the following warning signs, seek emergency medical care.In children, emergency warning signs that need urgent medical attention include: Fast breathing or trouble breathing Bluish or gray skin color Not drinking enough fluids Severe or persistent vomiting Not waking up or not interacting Being so irritable that the child does not want to be held Flu-like symptoms improve but then return with fever and worse cough In adults, emergency warning signs that need urgent medical attention include: Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath Pain or pressure in the chest or abdomen Sudden dizziness Confusion Severe or persistent vomiting Flu-like symptoms improve but then return with fever and worse cough

Are there medicines to treat novel H1N1 infection?

Yes. CDC recommends the use of oseltamivir or zanamivir for the treatment and/or prevention of infection with novel H1N1 flu virus. Antiviral drugs are prescription medicines (pills, liquid or an inhaled powder) that fight against the flu by keeping flu viruses from reproducing in your body. If you get sick, antiviral drugs can make your illness milder and make you feel better faster. They may also prevent serious flu complications. During the current pandemic, the priority use for influenza antiviral drugs is to treat severe influenza illness (for example hospitalized patients) and people who are sick who have a condition that places them at high risk for serious flu-related complications. What is CDC’s recommendation regarding "swine flu parties"?"Swine flu parties" are gatherings during which people have close contact with a person who has novel H1N1 flu in order to become infected with the virus. The intent of these parties is for a person to become infected with what for many people has been a mild disease, in the hope of having natural immunity novel H1N1 flu virus that might circulate later and cause more severe disease.CDC does not recommend "swine flu parties" as a way to protect against novel H1N1 flu in the future. While the disease seen in the current novel H1N1 flu outbreak has been mild for many people, it has been severe and even fatal for others. There is no way to predict with certainty what the outcome will be for an individual or, equally important, for others to whom the intentionally infected person may spread the virus.CDC recommends that people with novel H1N1 flu avoid contact with others as much as possible. If you are sick with flu-like illness, CDC recommends that you stay home for at least 24 hours after your fever is gone except to get medical care or for other necessities. (Your fever should be gone without the use of a fever-reducing medicine.) Stay away from others as much as possible to keep from making others sick. Contamination & Cleaning How long can influenza virus remain viable on objects (such as books and doorknobs)?Studies have shown that influenza virus can survive on environmental surfaces and can infect a person for 2 to 8 hours after being deposited on the surface.What kills influenza virus?Influenza virus is destroyed by heat (167-212°F [75-100°C]). In addition, several chemical germicides, including chlorine, hydrogen peroxide, detergents (soap), iodophors (iodine-based antiseptics), and alcohols are effective against human influenza viruses if used in proper concentration for a sufficient length of time. For example, wipes or gels with alcohol in them can be used to clean hands. The gels should be rubbed into hands until they are dry.*What if soap and water are not available and alcohol-based products are not allowed in my facility?Though the scientific evidence is not as extensive as that on hand washing and alcohol-based sanitizers, other hand sanitizers that do not contain alcohol may be useful for killing flu germs on hands. What surfaces are most likely to be sources of contamination? Germs can be spread when a person touches something that is contaminated with germs and then touches his or her eyes, nose, or mouth. Droplets from a cough or sneeze of an infected person move through the air. Germs can be spread when a person touches respiratory droplets from another person on a surface like a desk, for example, and then touches their own eyes, mouth or nose before washing their hands.How should waste disposal be handled to prevent the spread of influenza virus?To prevent the spread of influenza virus, it is recommended that tissues and other disposable items used by an infected person be thrown in the trash. Additionally, persons should wash their hands with soap and water after touching used tissues and similar waste. What household cleaning should be done to prevent the spread of influenza virus?To prevent the spread of influenza virus it is important to keep surfaces (especially bedside tables, surfaces in the bathroom, kitchen counters and toys for children) clean by wiping them down with a household disinfectant according to directions on the product label. How should linens, eating utensils and dishes of persons infected with influenza virus be handled?Linens, eating utensils, and dishes belonging to those who are sick do not need to be cleaned separately, but importantly these items should not be shared without washing thoroughly first. Linens (such as bed sheets and towels) should be washed by using household laundry soap and tumbled dry on a hot setting. Individuals should avoid “hugging” laundry prior to washing it to prevent contaminating themselves. Individuals should wash their hands with soap and water or alcohol-based hand rub immediately after handling dirty laundry. Eating utensils should be washed either in a dishwasher or by hand with water and soap. Exposures Not Thought to Spread Novel H1N1 FluCan I get infected with novel H1N1 virus from eating or preparing pork?No. Novel H1N1 viruses are not spread by food. You cannot get infected with novel HIN1 virus from eating pork or pork products. Eating properly handled and cooked pork products is safe.Is there a risk from drinking water?Tap water that has been treated by conventional disinfection processes does not likely pose a risk for transmission of influenza viruses. Current drinking water treatment regulations provide a high degree of protection from viruses. No research has been completed on the susceptibility of novel H1N1 flu virus to conventional drinking water treatment processes. However, recent studies have demonstrated that free chlorine levels typically used in drinking water treatment are adequate to inactivate highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza. It is likely that other influenza viruses such as novel H1N1 would also be similarly inactivated by chlorination. To date, there have been no documented human cases of influenza caused by exposure to influenza-contaminated drinking water.Can novel H1N1 flu virus be spread through water in swimming pools, spas, water parks, interactive fountains, and other treated recreational water venues?Influenza viruses infect the human upper respiratory tract. There has never been a documented case of influenza virus infection associated with water exposure. Recreational water that has been treated at CDC recommended disinfectant levels does not likely pose a risk for transmission of influenza viruses. No research has been completed on the susceptibility of novel H1N1 influenza virus to chlorine and other disinfectants used in swimming pools, spas, water parks, interactive fountains, and other treated recreational venues. However, recent studies have demonstrated that free chlorine levels recommended by CDC (1–3 parts per million [ppm or mg/L] for pools and 2–5 ppm for spas) are adequate to disinfect avian influenza A (H5N1) virus. It is likely that other influenza viruses such as novel H1N1 virus would also be similarly disinfected by chlorine.Can novel H1N1 influenza virus be spread at recreational water venues outside of the water? Yes, recreational water venues are no different than any other group setting. The spread of this novel H1N1 flu is thought to be happening in the same way that seasonal flu spreads. Flu viruses are spread mainly from person to person through coughing or sneezing of people with influenza. Sometimes people may become infected by touching something with flu viruses on it and then touching their mouth or nose.

Source:www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu

For complete Information about Swine Flu please visit this site: http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/ISSUE IN PUBLIC INTEREST BY
KADAM SEVA SAMITI
Shashank Shekhar Singh
Director, Kadam Seva Samiti(KSS)kadam.astep@gmail.com
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Trail Room Mirror Reality

When our sister or mother or aunty, are busy in shopping with us, we think they are safe but the reality says when we go to any reputed or exclusive wear showroom and trail the dress that time we only see our self and widhout any hesitation we change but may be some other people watching you not only watching may be thay also made any porn MMS behind the mirror .....Yes this is fact some reputed mall's show rooms and other showrooms are caught with red hand
We tell you how to differenciate betweet Mirror and Dual Mirror...
plz see our youtube video:
http://www.youtube.com/v/QNoAzIX4plI
http://www.youtube.com/v/QNoAzIX4plI

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GIRL EDUCATION & INDIA

Girl education is the one of the major problem is in our country. This is maybe becuase her family won't let her or it's in the tradittional culture not to get education and stay at home and learn how to be good wife. fir when she gets married.


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STOP AIDS SPREAD AWARENESS

Hi friends, Welcome to KSS BLOGS.

SAY YES TO CONDOM, BINDAS BOL CONDOM, gnrly we see like this advertisement on tv or our locality,but we forget that condom only help to prevent aids never stop it, but our AWARENESS is the power to kill it, even with awareness we we`ll b able to difference between SEX & safe SEX. gnraly we never discuss these problems or topic at our home/office/school/society because of our shyness or sumwer coz of the tradition or the difference between age group, our all these dark side give more power to AIDS.
If we discuss or try to spread people AWARENESS defiantly we reduce the problem of aids.
So, we must have to discuss about AIDS or SAFE SEX, definatly SAY YES TO CONDOM, BUT SPREAD AWARENESS too REMEMBER OUR AWARENESS IS THE POWER TO STOP AIDS..

PLZ POST YOUR REPLY IF YOU WANT TO GIVE ANY SUGESSION...

PLEASE FORWARD THIS PAGE TO YOUR FRIENDS AND SPREAD AWARENESS

**ISSUE FOR PUBLIC INTEREST FROM KSS**

HAR KADAM... HUM KADAM...

Shashank S. S. Rathore
E-Mail: Kadam.astep@gmail.com
Website: Kadam.bravehost.com
Orkut: Join us on Orkut
Unicef: Join the Discussions

GLOBAL WARMING & LIVING TIPS

Welcome to KSS BLOGS. In this section, we have compiled some simple and easy steps that you can take to reduce your ecological footprint. We would be very happy to receive your suggestions and your tips that work to reduce wasteful consumption. Please e-mail them to us at Communications.

Save Wood and Paper

* Return unwanted mail and ask for your name to be removed from the mailing list. * Always use both sides of a sheet of paper. * Use e-mail to stay in touch, including cards, rather than faxing or writing. * Re-use envelopes. * Always recycle paper after use. * Share magazines with friends and pass them on to the doctor, dentist or local hospital for their waiting rooms. * Use recyclable paper to make invitation cards, envelops, letter pads etc.

In your Home

* Turn off equipment like televisions and stereos when you're not using them.
Choose energy-efficient appliances and light bulbs.
* Save water: some simple steps can go a long way in saving water like for e.g: you should always turn off the tap when you are brushing your teeth. And try to collect the water used to wash vegetables and salad to water your houseplants.
* Let clothes dry naturally.
* Keep lids on pans when cooking to prevent your cooker having to work extra hard. Prefer to use gas ovens, Geysers etc in place of the electric ones.
* Recycle your paper, glass, plastics and other waste.
* Use rechargeable batteries.
* Send e-greetings instead of paper cards.

In your Garden
* Water the garden early in the morning or late in the evening. This reduces water loss due to evaporation. Don’t overwater the garden. Water only till the soil becomes moist, not soggy. * Explore water efficient irrigation systems. Sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation can be adapted to garden situations . * Make your garden lively - plant trees and shrubs which will attract birds. You can also put p nest boxes and put food. * Try growing sturdy grass in bare patches of land , and convince people in your neighborhood to do so too. * Put waste to work in your garden- sweep the fallen leaves and flowers into flower beds or under shrubs . This will increase soil fertility and also reduce the need for frequent watering. * If you have little space in your garden , you could make a compost pit to turn organic waste from the kitchen and garden to soil enriching manure . * Don't use chemicals in the garden - as they will eventually end up in the sea and can upset the delicate balance of life cycles. * Organic and environmentally friendly fertilizers and pesticides are available - organic gardening reduces pollution and is better for wildlife.
Reuse and Recycle

* Use washable nappies instead of disposables if you can.
* Recycle as much as you can.
* Give unwanted clothes, toys and books to charity shops or jumble sales.
* Use mains electricity rather than batteries if possible. If not, use rechargeable batteries.
* Use a solar-powered calculator instead of one with a battery.
* Instead of a plastic ballpoint, use a fountain pen with bottled ink, not plastic cartridges.
* Store food and other products in ceramic containers rather than foil and plastic wrap

While Shopping

* Buy fruit and vegetables that are in season to help reduce enormous transport costs resulting from importing produce and, where possible, choose locally produced food. * When buying fish look out for a variety of non-endangered species and buy local fish if possible. * Prefer vegetarian options for your meals.

On-line Shopping

* Purchase solar powered products. * Send e-cards, if you can, rather than buy paper cards. * Shop online, not only will this reduce fuel consumption and emissions by not driving to the shops, but each time you buy something on-line WWF receive a donation. You may even buy products from the nature shop.
At your workplace

* Use printers that can print on both sides of the paper ; try to look into this option when replacing old printers. * Use the back of a draft or unwanted printout instead of notebooks. Even with a double-sided printer there is likely to be plenty of spare paper to use! * Always buy recycled paper - for your business stationery and to use in your printers. * Switch off computer monitors, printers and other equipment at the end of each day. Though in standby mode they're still using power - and that adds to global warming. * Always turn off your office light and computer monitor when you go out for lunch or to a meeting.

During Holidays

* Go on holiday during the off-peak period to prevent over straining resources - you'll also avoid the crowds. * Find out about your destination before you go on holiday - it may be an environmentally sensitive area. Doing this will also ensure you are informed of what to see and any local customs. * Find out about places before you visit. You may be visiting a environmentally sensitive area, in which case you must take extra care to stay on footpaths and follow signs. * Don't travel by air if you can avoid it because air travel uses up large amounts of fossil fuels and creates greenhouse gases. * Avoid taking things on holiday that you will throw away. * Dispose of any rubbish responsibly - it can be hazardous to wildlife. * Ask your travel agent or tour operator what they are doing to be environmentally responsible. * Use public transport, cycle or walk instead of using a car. * Use facilities and trips run by local people whenever possible. * Don't be tempted to touch wildlife and disturb habitats whether on land, at the coast or under water. * Be careful what you choose to bring home as a holiday souvenir. Many species from coral and conch shells to elephants and alligators are endangered because they are killed for curios or souvenirs. * Don’t leave any rubbish at the beach - turtles are often killed by plastic bags they've mistaken for jellyfish and many items take years to degrade as well as being dangerous. * Boats and jet-skis create noise and chemical pollution which is disturbing to wildlife - don't keep the engine running unnecessarily.
PLZ Share this list! Send this page via e-mail to your friends! Spread this list worldwide and help people doing their part: the more people you will manage to enlighten, the greater YOUR help to save the planet will be (but please take action on first person too)!

**ISSUE FOR PUBLIC INTEREST BY KADAM SEVA SAMITI**

HAR KADAM...HUM KADAM...
Shashank S. S. Rathore
E-Mail: Kadam.astep@gmail.com
Website: Kadam.bravehost.com
Orkut: Join us on Orkut
Unicef: Join the Discussions
**************************************************************************************

CHILD AND ALCOHOL

CHILD AND ALCOHOL
As much as parents may not like to think about it, the truth is that many kids and teens try alcohol during their high school and college years, long before it is legal for them to drink it. Some research has shown that nearly 80% of high school kids have tried alcohol.

Although experimentation with alcohol may be common among kids, it's not safe or legal. To help prevent alcohol abuse in children, it's a good idea to begin discussing alcohol use and abuse with kids at an early age and to continue openly communicating about it as they grow up.
The Effects of Alcohol and Substance Abuse

Alcohol interferes with a person's perception of reality and ability to make good decisions. This can be particularly hazardous for kids and teens who have less problem-solving and decision-making experience.
The short-term effects of drinking include:

* distorted vision, hearing, and coordination
* altered perceptions and emotions
* impaired judgment, which can lead to accidents, drowning, and other risky behaviors like unsafe sex and drug use
* bad breath
* hangovers

The long-term effects include:

* cirrhosis and cancer of the liver
* loss of appetite
* serious vitamin deficiencies
* stomach ailments
* heart and central nervous system damage
* memory loss
* an increased risk of impotence
* high risk for overdosing
Talking to Your Child About Alcohol

There are steps you can take long before your child is presented with alcohol to increase the chances that he or she will just say no.

Childhood is a time for learning and discovery, so it's important to provide an environment at home that not only allows, but encourages your child to ask questions and discover his or her surroundings. Your child may ask questions that are not easy to answer, but creating an open atmosphere for an honest dialogue early on will set the stage for good communication later on when difficult topics come up for discussion.
Preschoolers

Although 3- and 4-year-olds won't be ready to learn the facts about alcohol or other drugs, they can begin to develop the decision-making and problem-solving skills they will need later on. You can help them develop those skills in some simple ways.

It's a good idea to allow your toddler to select his or her own clothing. Try not to worry if the choices don't match. Instead, let your child know that you think he or she is capable of making good decisions. Encourage your child to perform age-appropriate tasks and let your child know what a big help he or she is.

It's also important to provide a good example of the behavior that you want your child to demonstrate. This is especially true in the preschool years when kids tend to imitate adults' actions as a way of learning. So, by being active, eating healthy, and drinking responsibly, parents can help teach their children important lessons.

Ages 4 to 7

Kids in this stage still think and learn primarily by experience and they don't have a good understanding of things that will happen in the future. Therefore, it's a good idea to keep discussions about alcohol in the present tense and relate them to people and events that your child knows and understands. For example, watching TV with your child can provide a chance to talk about advertising messages. Ask your child questions about the ads and encourage him or her to ask questions as well. Most children at this age are interested in how their bodies work, so this is a good time to talk about maintaining good health and avoiding substances that might harm the body. You may want to tell your child alcohol hurts your ability to see, hear, and walk down the sidewalk without tripping; it alters the way you feel; and it doesn't let you judge as well to see whether the water is too deep or if there's a car coming too close. And it gives you bad breath and a headache!
Ages 8 to 11

The later elementary school years are a crucial time in which you can influence your child's decisions about alcohol use. Kids at this age tend to love to learn facts, especially strange ones, and they are eager to learn how things work and what sources of information are available to them. This is a good time to openly discuss facts about alcohol: the long- and short-term effects and consequences of using alcohol, the effects of alcohol on different parts of the body, and why it's especially dangerous for growing bodies.

A child can also be heavily influenced by his or her friends at this age. A child's interests may be determined by what a group of friends thinks. So this is a good time to teach your child to say "no" to peer pressure and stress and the importance of thinking and acting as an individual. Casual discussions about alcohol and friends can take place at the dinner table as part of your normal conversation: "I've been reading about young kids using alcohol. Do you ever hear about kids using alcohol or other drugs in your school?" When you ask these questions, it's important to respond to your child's answers in a way that's not judgmental.

Ages 12 to 17

By the time your child is a teenager, he or she should be very familiar with the facts about alcohol and should have been exposed to your attitudes and beliefs about substance abuse. So you can use this time to reinforce what you've already taught your child and focus on keeping the lines of communication open. During the teen years, kids are more likely to engage in risky behaviors. Their increasing need for independence may make kids want to defy their parents' wishes or instructions as a way of asserting their independence. But if you make your child feel accepted and respected as an individual, you will increase the chances that your child will try to be open with you. Kids want to be liked and accepted by their peers, and they need a certain degree of privacy and trust. You can help show your teen that you respect him or her by avoiding discipline methods such as excessive preaching and threats. By showing an interest and expressing concern for your child, you are showing your love and concern. Even if your child appears annoyed by your interest, your child may still recognize that it is an important part of your parental role. Teaching Your Child to Say No

You can teach your child various approaches to deal with offers of alcohol.

* Teach your child to ask questions. If an unknown substance is offered, your child can ask, "What is it?" or "Where did you get it?"
* Remind your child that he or she should leave a situation if he or she doesn't feel comfortable with what's going on. Make sure your child has money for transportation or a phone number where you or another responsible adult can be reached.
* Teach your child never to accept a ride from someone who has been drinking. Some parents find that offering to pick up their children if they are in an uncomfortable situation - no questions asked - helps encourage kids to be honest and call when they need help.
* Encourage your child to say "no thanks" if he or she is offered an alcoholic drink.

Risk Factors

Research suggests that times of transition such as the onset of puberty or a parents' divorce can lead to alcohol use. Parents should teach their children that although life can sometimes be upsetting or stressful, drinking alcohol to escape difficult times can make a bad situation much worse.

Children who have problems with self-control or low self-esteem are more likely to abuse alcohol. These kids may not believe that they can handle their problems and frustrations without taking something to make them feel better.

Children who lack a sense of connectedness with their families or who feel they are different in some way, such as their appearances or economic levels, may also be at risk. Children who find it hard to believe in themselves desperately need the love and support of parents or other family members.

In fact, not wanting to harm the relationships between themselves and the adults who care about them is the most common reason that young people give for not using alcohol and other drugs.

General Tips

Fortunately, there is a lot that parents can do to protect their children from using and abusing alcohol:

* Be a good role model. Consider how your use of alcohol or medications may influence your child.
You may want to consider offering only nonalcoholic beverages at parties and other social events to show your children you don't need to drink to have fun.
* Educate yourself about alcohol so you can be a better teacher to your child. Read and collect information that you can share with your child and other parents.
* Try to be conscious of how you can help build your child's self-esteem. For example, children are more likely to feel good about themselves if you emphasize their strengths and positively reinforce healthy behaviors.
* Teach your child to manage stress in healthy ways, such as by seeking help from a trusted adult or engaging in a favorite activity.

Recognizing the Signs

Despite your efforts, your child may still use - and abuse - alcohol. How can you tell? Here are some common warning signs:

* the odor of alcohol
* sudden change in mood or attitude
* change in attendance or performance at school
* loss of interest in school, sports, or other activities
* discipline problems at school
* withdrawal from family and friends
* secrecy
* association with a new group of friends and reluctance to introduce them to you
* alcohol disappearing from your home
* depression and developmental difficulties

It's important not to jump to conclusions based on only one or two signs. Adolescence is a time of change - physically, socially, emotionally, and intellectually. This can lead to erratic behavior and mood swings as kids try to cope with all of these changes. If your child is using alcohol, there will usually be a cluster of these signs, like changes in friends, behavior, dress, atttitude, mood, and grades. If you see a number of changes, certainly look for all explanations by talking to your kids, but don't overlook substance abuse as a possibility.

What if I Think My Child Is Drinking?

Here are some other tips you may want to try:

* Keep tabs on where your child goes.
* Talk to the parents of your child's friends.
* Always make sure you have a phone number where you can reach your child.
* Have your child check in regularly when he or she is away from home.
* If your child is spending an extended length of time away from you, have your child check in periodically with phone call, e-mail, or by stopping at home.

For teens, especially those old enough to drive, it's a good idea to negotiate and sign a behavioral contract. This contract should spell out the way you expect your child to behave and state the consequences if your teen drives under the influence. Follow through and take the keys away, if necessary.

Be a good role model. Make a deal with your teen that says that you and the rest of your family also agree never to drink and drive. You should also encourage responsible behaviors, such as planning for a designated driver or calling an adult for help rather than driving under the influence.

It's important to keep the dialogue open and keep the expectations reasonable. Tying responsible actions to freedoms such as a later curfew or a driver's license acts as a powerful motivator. Teach your child that freedom only comes with responsibility - a lesson that should last a lifetime.

**ISSUE FOR PUBLIC INTEREST FROM KADAM SEVA SAMITI(KSS)**

HAR KADAM...HUM KADAM...

Shashank S. S. Rathore
E-Mail: Kadam.astep@gmail.com
Website: Kadam.bravehost.com
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SUM FACT ABOUT AIDS - Awarness

AIDS

No other word engenders as much fear, revulsion, despair and utter helplessness as AIDS. Despite increased AIDS awareness, the terror persists. AIDS is, in fact, rewriting medical history as humankind's deadliest scourge. With 40 million deaths forecast in this millennium, statistics tell their own sordid tale.

The first recorded sample of HIV was discovered in 1959 in a blood specimen obtained at Leopoldville (now Kinshasa) in the Belgian Congo. This was the first known death chalked up by AIDS. The HIV is thought to have originally affected chimpanzees. The crossover of the virus from animals to humans may have occurred in the 1950s through an accident or a bite.

Intermittently, other theories of its origins have been advanced during the ongoing process of AIDS research. One theory, put forward by Bette Korber, traces the disease to a single viral ancestor that could have emerged between 1910 and 1950. Through an AIDS research analysis done at the Los Alamos National Lab in New Mexico, Korber contends that the pandemic may have come from one or more infected humans around 1930.

Another highly controversial—but plausible—theory is that of American philosopher, Louis Pascal, first spelt out in 1987. All the early AIDS cases originated in the Central African states of Congo, Rwanda or Burundi. This belt was subjected to trials of a live polio vaccine on 300,000 men, women and children.

Pascal argued that the vaccine, which was grown in cultures obtained from chopped up chimpanzee kidneys, may have carried this virus. Polio researcher Dr Albert Sabin had reported that such a batch was contaminated by an unknown virus. In fact, monkeys harbor SIV or simian immunodeficiency virus (SV-40 to be more specific), which is thought to be the ancestor of HIV.

The first cases of AIDS were reported in the United States in 1981, amongst male homosexuals in Los Angeles and New York. Within two decades, up to 50 million may have been infected globally, approximately 22 million have succumbed and nearly 15,000 new infections are said to occur daily. With a definite AIDS cure still in the research stages, an increased AIDS awareness, counseling and alternative therapy treatments seem to offer the only succor.

WHAT IS AIDS & HIV?

HIV has two major categories: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1, which currently has about 10 subtypes, is most common worldwide and the only form found in the US. HIV-2 is less virulent and though currently confined to West Africa—it's spreading.

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) basically provokes an infection, which destroys the body's immune system. And AIDS or Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome is the advanced stage of this disease, when the immune system becomes irreparably damaged, engendering multiple infections and cancers. A person is considered HIV positive when s/he tests positive for any of the 26 diseases (Kaposi's sarcoma, lymphoma, pulmonary tuberculosis, recurrent pneumonia within a 12-month period, wasting syndrome and other indicators) that can easily invade the body during our immune system's nonfunctionality.

On invading the body, the virus specifically attacks T-cells. A core part of the human defence system, they mobilize other cells to seek and destroy contagious foreign elements besid es leading the immune system's fight against infections. T-cells are targeted because the AIDS virus parasitizes the CD4 molecules on their surface.

With a protective outer shell of proteins and glyco-proteins, the AIDS virus contains genetic information on the inside. Although substantially smaller than the host T-cells—the virus reproduces by sponging off the host's cellular resources! Our body fights back by producing up to two billion new T-cells to replace the infected ones, stabilizing the T-cell count temporarily. Yet from day one, the T-cells fight a losing battle.

The genetic information of the AIDS virus, which is encoded as RNA (ribonucleic acid), needs to be reverse transcripted—which the intruder accomplishes with the help of the host cell itself! The now legible DNA is thereafter randomly transferred into the nucleus. All this is accomplished barely a dozen hours following the infection. By this time, the aggressor begins to substantially weaken the host cell, which eventually dies, eroding the immune system and making the body vulnerable to diseases.

Although HIV targets T-cells and other cells in the body, it thrives mainly in the lymph nodes—another important part of the immune system. Each lymph node has a netlike structure inside it that acts as a protective filter by trapping virus and infected T-cells. But as healthy T-cells move through contaminated lymph nodes, they are infected by HIV. Particularly during the early stage of the disease, lymph nodes contain more infected cells than the blood.

SYMPTOMS

In the early stages, a mild flu and swollen glands are typical. But the symptoms are often unmistakeable when full-blown AIDS develops. Loss of appetite, weight loss, constant fever, prolonged fatigue, diarrhea, constipation, changing bowel patterns, swollen glands, chills coupled with excessive sweating, especially at nights, lesions in the mouth, sore throat, persistent cough, shortness of breath, tumours, skin rashes, headaches, memory lapses, swelling in the joints, pain in various parts of the body, vision problems and a regular feeling of lethargy and ill health make up the litany of symptoms. With immune systems out of kilter, HIV-positive persons are susceptible to several types of cancer, particularly Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), an uncommon form that occurs under the skin and in the mucus membranes of the eyes, nose and mouth. Affected persons have lesions that appear as dark-coloured raised blotches. Though the lesions are painless, once KS spreads to the lungs, lymph nodes and digestive tract, the victim experiences difficulty in breathing, gastrointestinal bleeding and painful swelling around the lymph nodes, especially in the legs.

MODE OF TRANSMISSION

HIV is transmitted primarily by sex (anal, vaginal or oral sex with an infected partner), by injections (sharing contaminated needles for drug use or accidental piercing with a contaminated needle), or from infected mother to child through pregnancy or breast-feeding. Infected semen and vaginal fluids, infected blood and blood products lead to the transmission of HIV. Drug abuse with unsterilized needles is another high-risk activity. Unprotected sex with multiple partners is the primary cause of infection. During unprotected sex, the infected fluid could enter the bloodstream through a tiny cut or a sore. Anal penetration has a higher risk of transmission, which is why a high percentage of homosexuals develop the disease. Bleeding during sex also raises the chances of infection. Therefore unprotected sex during menstrual periods and anal intercourse are best avoided. An infected mother can also transmit the virus to her baby before or during birth or through breast milk. Although traces of HIV have been detected in body fluids (saliva, urine, faeces and tears) there is no evidence that HIV spreads through these fluids. Nor is it water-borne, air-borne or transmitted through mosquitoes and other insects. Some HIV-infected patients progress to AIDS quickly while others can remain healthy for 10 years or more. Between initial infection and full-blown disease, a middle phase called symptomatic HIV infection, or AIDS-related complex (ARC), occurs, prompting symptoms such as weight loss, diarrhea, and swollen lymph glands. Scientists have recently discovered clues to why some patients develop AIDS quickly. In a study published last March in the journal Science, National Cancer Institute researchers found that inherited genes may set the clock for AIDS progression. Certain gene patterns tend to stave off AIDS, while others promote it. The researchers say the study may help lead to an AIDS-preventive vaccine or improved therapies against the virus.

Gender Differences in the Risk of HIV Infection

HIV risk factors among injection drug users (IDUs) differ markedly by gender, according to a 10-year study funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). A recent study by researchers at the Johns Hopkins University reported that while drug-related risk behaviors and homosexual activity are the most important predictors of HIV seroconversion among males, factors consistent with high-risk heterosexual activities are the main predictors among females. The findings, reported in the May 28 (2001) issue of the Archives of Internal Medicine, provide insight into the relationship between gender and high-risk sexual behaviors in the development of HIV infection.

"Early studies of injection drug users suggested that most HIV infections were due primarily to sharing needles," said NIDA Director Alan I. Leshner, Ph.D. "This study adds to the body of evidence that supports the need for gender-specific interventions
in the treatment of that group of drug users." Between 1988 and 1998, a team of researchers, led by Dr. Steffanie Strathdee at the Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, examined both drug related and sexual risk factors for HIV transmission in a study of more than 1,800 injecting drug users in Baltimore, Maryland. Study participants were aged 18 or older, did not have an AIDS defining illness at enrollment, and reported a history of illicit injection drug use within the previous 10 years. Through semiannual interviews, researchers collected data on drug use history, sociodemographics, and drug use and sexual behavior within the last 6 months. Blood samples were also obtained at each study visit. Researchers used commercial HIV and antibody ELISA to identify those participants who had become HIV positive since their last visit. Dr. Strathdee and her colleagues found that the greatest predictor for HIV seroconversion among both male and female IDUs was high-risk sexual behavior. Study findings revealed that male injection drug users who reported recent homosexual activity were four times more likely to become infected with HIV. Among females, indicators of high-risk heterosexual activity outweighed needle-sharing behaviors as independent predictors of HIV seroconversion. HIV incidence was more than two times higher among women who reported recently having sex with another injection drug user. Another common predictor of HIV seroconversion observed by researchers among both male and female IDUs was younger age. Investigators found that IDUs who were aged 30 or younger at enrollment were more than twice as likely to seroconvert than those aged 40 or older. "This is consistent with several reports which indicate that younger IDUs are more likely to engage in needle sharing and other behaviors that place them at higher risk of acquiring HIV and hepatitis B or C viruses," stated Dr. Strathdee.

PREVENTION

While AIDS is a high-risk disease it can be prevented if proper precautions are taken and greater awareness meted out to those who are ignorant of the virus and its repercussions on the human body. Here we have listed a few measures which can be adopted by everyone inorder to stave off the insidious entry of HIV. • Prevention is still the best bet. Promiscuous sexual behavior can leave a person highly susceptible to contracting the virus. Where abstinence is not possible, always use latex condoms. The female condom can also help protect both partners. Use only water-based lubricants. Oil lubricants (such as Vaseline) might even tear latex condoms. Use spermicidal (birth control) foams and jellies in addition to condoms. By themselves, spermicides may not be effective in preventing HIV.

• Avoid alcohol or drugs during sex, you might lose control of your senses and engage in unsafe sex. Stick to safer sex practices at all times and avoid having multiple partners. Practice monogamy. If this is a tall order, serial relationships are a lesser evil than multiple ones. • High-risk sexual behavior should be avoided at all costs. These include: oral genital sex involving contact with semen or vaginal fluids, oral anal sex, vaginal sex without a condom, anal sex sans a condom (active or passive), fisting or manual anal intercourse, the sharing of sex toys, using saliva for lubrication and blood contact of any kind during performance. If unable to resist oral sex, use a dental dam. If a woman is infected, avoid sex during the menses as menstrual blood is infectious • For transfusions, use disposable syringes and needles. Ensure you get blood that is screened and certified as HIV-free. Better still, get blood from close family members rather than professional donors whose medical antecedents are nebulous. • The presence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) increases the risk of contracting HIV from an infected partner. STDs could cause breaks in the skin of the vagina, penis or anus permitting the virus to enter your bloodstream. If you ever contract an STD of any kind, ensure you get prompt treatment. • The CDC recommends that an HIV-positive woman should not breast-feed her baby. The infant should be given AZT for the first several weeks to substantially reduce the risk of infection.

MYTHS & FACTS

Say 'AIDS' and dime-a-dozen misconceptions abound. The chart topper is that AIDS is supposedly a disease of gay men and intravenous drug users. The facts are otherwise. No doubt in the early years many HIV-positive cases were reported amongst the Western gay community. In recent years, however, prevalence rates among gays have leveled off. Instead, heterosexual transmission has been forging ahead of all other modes of transmission.

The AIDS virus is NOT contracted through touching, hugging, kissing, massage, sharing toilet seats, drinking or eating from utensils used by an infected person or any other mode of casual contact. Nor does working, socialising and living with infected people cause the disease.

Repeated sexual contact without proper precautions with an infected person, using an infected syringe, exposure to infected blood or sexual fluids are ways through which the disease can be transmitted.

Donating blood also does not run the risk of disease contraction since needles used for such purposes are always sterile. Since the AIDS virus is unable to survive outside the human body beyond a short duration, dried blood is not infectious For this reason, mosquitoes are incapable of transmitting HIV as the virus cannot replicate itself in the intestine of insects.

Although medical personnel are potentially at risk from infection, this is minimal if protective gear such as gloves, masks and goggles are always used when handling potentially infected material.

The Elusive Cure
The large-scale infections and deaths have spurred a spate of worldwide efforts for a cure. In the US, however, AIDS cases are said to be dropping and new infections leveling off. Mortality from AIDS is also dropping.

In the developing countries, though, the cases continue to rise alarmingly. Globally, three million died in the year 2000, with 5.3 million newly infected people, 95 percent of whom might die.

Many scientists, doctors and researchers contend that AIDS is not a new disease, having been around much longer than people believe. Dr. Robert Willner—author of Deadly Deception: The Proof That Sex and HIV Absolutely Do Not Cause AIDS—asserts that HIV is not the cause of AIDS. He claims that nearly 500 hundred top scientists of the world have challenged the hypothesis of Robert Gallo—who patented the HIV test the day after the AIDS virus was discovered—that HIV is the precursor of AIDS.

Besides other telling facts, the dissenters want to know how one can explain HIV-free AIDS cases, of which there are said to be nearly 5,000 on record.

Dr. Frank Shallenberger, a licensed medical and homeopathic practitioner, says that statistics are only a correlation—not a result—that HIV is one cause of AIDS, citing the fact that some AIDS victims do not have HIV antibodies. Dr. Shallenberger considers AIDS a multifactorial disease that strikes when the immune system is down.

The search for a cure, also brings to light other interesting facets. African chimpanzees have been harboring the simian equivalent of the AIDS virus for centuries, according to detailed studies conducted by researches at the University of Alabama in Birmingham. Why don't the chimps succumb to the virus?

Says Dr. Anthony Fauci from the National Institutes of Health: "There must be something about the chimp's immune system or some host defense system that is doing a very good job of containing the virus. If we find that out we may be able to extrapolate to humans."

Chimpanzees being the closest living relatives of humans, their DNA differs from human DNA by less than two percent. Adds Dr. Fauci: "It's entirely conceivable that the very small genetic differences between the chimp and the human will explain why the chimpanzee does not get sick and the human does."

ISSUE FOR PUBLIC INTEREST BY KADAM SEVA SAMITI(KSS) HAR KADAM HUM KADAM...
Shashank S. S. Rathore
Email:kadam.astep@gmail.com
Website: KADAM SEVA SAMITI
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